Products related to Explanation:
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Levels of Explanation
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence.It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. The different sciences furnish us with a wide variety of explanations: some work at macroscopic scales, some work at microscopic scales, and some operate across different levels.How do these different explanatory levels relate to one another, and what is an explanatory level in the first place?Over the last 50 years, more and more philosophers--both reductionists and anti-reductionists--no longer subscribe to the idea that the best explanation resides at the fundamental physical level.New challenges arise from the success of scientific explanations employing multi-level models which mix levels of explanation, from distinctive differences between levels structures in biology, cognitive science, and social science, from the apparently radical reimagining of the explanatory role of spacetime in our current best theories of fundamental physics, and from the enduring mystery of how higher-level explanations are possible in the first place.These questions naturally connect to classic philosophical ways of thinking about the relationships between levels: reduction, emergence, and fundamentality.This volume presents a snapshot of cutting-edge research on explanatory levels, from their conceptual foundations to the details of how they are used in scientific practice.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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A Perfect Explanation
Longlisted for the Not the Booker Prize 2019 Longlisted for The Desmond Elliott Prize 2019 Observer: Fiction to look out for in 2019 The i Paper’s 30 of the best new debut novels to read in 2019 Scottish Review of Books: 2019 in Prospect As featured on BBC Woman’s Hour, Sky Sunrise and London Live ‘Filled with cerebral intensity and scintillating dialogue’ —The Desmond Elliott Prize Exploring themes of ownership and abandonment, Eleanor Anstruther’s bestselling debut is a fictionalised account of the true story of Enid Campbell (1892–1964), granddaughter of the 8th Duke of Argyll. Interweaving one significant day in 1964 with a decade during the interwar period, A Perfect Explanation gets to the heart of what it is to be bound by gender, heritage and tradition, to fight, to lose, to fight again.In a world of privilege, truth remains the same; there are no heroes and villains, only people misunderstood.Here, in the pages of this extraordinary book where the unspoken is conveyed with vivid simplicity, lies a story that will leave you reeling.
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Can you provide an explanation of Gustav Heinemann's television address?
Gustav Heinemann's television address was a significant event in German history. In his address, Heinemann, who was the President of West Germany at the time, spoke out against the use of violence and repression in response to student protests and civil unrest. He called for dialogue and understanding between the government and the protesters, and emphasized the importance of peaceful resolution to the conflict. Heinemann's address was seen as a turning point in the government's approach to the protests, and it helped to pave the way for a more open and democratic society in West Germany.
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What entertainment media and entertainment electronics are available?
There is a wide range of entertainment media and electronics available, including streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime for watching movies and TV shows. Additionally, there are gaming consoles such as PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Switch for playing video games. Other entertainment electronics include smart TVs, sound systems, and virtual reality headsets for an immersive experience. Furthermore, there are also e-readers and audiobook services for those who enjoy reading and listening to books.
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'Cologne joke - Explanation please?'
The Cologne joke is a play on words that involves the city of Cologne in Germany and the fragrance cologne. The joke typically involves a pun or wordplay that combines the two meanings of the word "Cologne." For example, a common Cologne joke might be: "I asked my friend to bring me back some Cologne from Cologne, and he came back with a bottle of perfume and a map of the city!" This joke relies on the double meaning of the word "Cologne" to create humor.
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I need an explanation.
An explanation is a detailed account or clarification of a topic, situation, or concept. It involves breaking down complex ideas into simpler terms to help someone understand it better. When someone asks for an explanation, they are seeking a clear and coherent description of something they may not fully comprehend. Providing an explanation involves presenting information in a logical and organized manner to aid in understanding.
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The Explanation of Behaviour
The Explanation of Behaviour was the first book written by the renowned philosopher Charles Taylor.A vitally important work of philosophical anthropology, it is a devastating criticism of the theory of behaviourism, a powerful explanatory approach in psychology and philosophy when Taylor's book was first published.However, Taylor has far more to offer than a simple critique of behaviourism.He argues that in order to properly understand human beings, we must grasp that they are embodied, minded creatures with purposes, plans and goals, something entirely lacking in reductionist, scientific explanations of human behaviour. Taylor’s book is also prescient in according a central place to non-human animals, which like human beings are subject to needs, desires and emotions.However, because human beings have the unique ability to interpret and reflect on their own actions and purposes and declare them to others, Taylor argues that human experience differs to that of other animals.Furthermore, the fact that human beings are often directed by their purposes has a fundamental bearing on how we understand the social and moral world.Taylor’s classic work is essential reading for those in philosophy and psychology as well as related areas such as sociology and religion. This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Preface by the author and a new Foreword by Alva Noë, setting the book in philosophical and historical context.
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Beyond Description : Anthropologies of Explanation
Beyond Description brings anthropologists and other social scientists together to examine the problem of explanation.What is "an explanation?" What can it add? What makes it authoritative, clarifying, or misleading?Whom does it serve and how is it produced? These questions lie at the heart of recent public crises of confidence in expertise, political representation, and classic liberal visions of whom we can rely on for true and trustworthy accounts.In a world beset by events and processes that seem to defy expert predictions of their impossibility, and in which post-hoc accounts can often feel more like rationalizations than explanations, competing voices vie for public presence and seek to silence one another.Anthropology and the social sciences face such questions too, making contemporary explanatory practice both an empirical and a reflexive challenge.By combining ethnographic studies of practices of explanation in a range of contemporary political, medical, artistic, religious, and bureaucratic settings, the essays in Beyond Description offer critical examinations of changing norms and forms of explanation in the world and within anthropology itself.
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Inference to the Best Explanation
How do we go about weighing evidence, testing hypotheses, and making inferences?According to the model of Inference to the Best Explanation, we work out what to infer from the evidence by thinking about what would actually explain that evidence, and we take the ability of a hypothesis to explain the evidence as a sign that the hypothesis is correct.In Inference to the Best Explanation, Peter Lipton gives this important and influential idea the development and assessment it deserves. The second edition has been substantially enlarged and reworked, with a new chapter on the relationship between explanation and Bayesianism, and an extension and defence of the account of contrastive explanation.It also includes an expanded defence of the claims that our inferences really are guided by diverse explanatory considerations, and that this pattern of inference can take us towards the truth.This edition of Inference to the Best Explanation has also been updated throughout and includes a new bibliography.
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Theory and Explanation in Geography
THEORY AND EXPLANATION IN GEOGRAPHY "With this book Henry Yeung puts Geography back into the driver's seat of new theory development.Foregrounding mid-range theories and mechanism-based explanations, he offers a pragmatic approach that has the capacity to shape the wider social sciences for years to come.The timing of this intervention is pitch-perfect, as scholars search for ways to understand and intervene in an increasingly distrustful and polarized world."—KATHARYNE MITCHELL, Distinguished Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA "In Theory and Explanation in Geography Yeung presents us with a rare thing - an argument for geographical theory with forms of causal explanation at its heart.The book is both modest and ambitious. Modest in its insistence on mid-level theory without a call for some new “turn” or advocacy for any particular approach.Ambitious in its insistence that existing theoretical traditions are inadequate or incomplete insofar as they lack causal explanatory power.Geographers will be inspired and/or infuriated by Yeung’s arguments in this provocative and cogently argued call to theoretical arms for many years to come."—Tim Cresswell, Ogilvie Professor of Geography, University of Edinburgh, UK "Critical human geography possesses a distinctive theory culture—pluralist, creative, distributed, restless, contested—prone to “turning,” wary of orthodoxies and fixed positions.In this original and provocative contribution, the leading economic geographer Henry Yeung steps out beyond his home turf to engage styles and practices of theorizing across this diverse field, carving out a new remit and rubric for middle-range theorizing."—JAMIE PECK, Canadian Research Chair and Distinguished University Scholar, University of British Columbia, Canada Grounded in a generous reading of a multitude of critical approaches in human geography and their diverse conceptions of theory, Theory and Explanation in Geography draws upon cutting-edge debates on the mechanism-based approach to theory and explanation in analytical sociology, political science, and the philosophy of social sciences to inform current and future geographical thinking on theory.This consolidated conceptual work represents an extension and much further development of the author's well-cited works on relational geography, critical realism and causal explanation, process-based methodology, globalization and the theory of global production networks, and "theorizing back" and situated knowledges that were published in leading journals in Geography. The work has several chapters that identify new directions for Geography’s current and future engagement with the wider social sciences and relevant research agendas in geographical thought.Its main chapters provide the necessary conceptual toolkits for mobilizing such an expanding research program in the 2020s and beyond.Compared to typical texts on geographical thought, this book is less retrospective and historical and more prospective in nature.Detailing why and how mid-range explanatory theories can be better developed through causal mechanisms and relational thinking that have been revitalized in the social sciences, Theory and Explanation in Geography is an essential read for academics, geographers, and scholars seeking unique perspective on an important facet of the field.
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'Cologne joke - explanation please?'
The Cologne joke is a play on words that involves the city of Cologne, Germany, and the fragrance known as cologne. The joke typically involves a pun or wordplay that connects the two meanings of the word "Cologne" in a humorous way. It is a light-hearted and often silly joke that relies on the double meaning of the word to create humor.
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Spirits or normal explanation?
The question of whether to attribute a phenomenon to spirits or a normal explanation depends on the specific circumstances and evidence available. In many cases, a rational, scientific explanation can account for seemingly supernatural occurrences. However, there are also instances where cultural or personal beliefs lead individuals to interpret events as being influenced by spirits or other supernatural forces. It's important to approach such questions with an open mind and consider all available evidence before drawing conclusions.
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'Open ending or explanation?'
It depends on the context and the purpose of the story. An open ending can leave room for interpretation and allow the reader to imagine their own conclusion, while an explanation can provide closure and clarity. Both approaches can be effective, and the choice between them should be based on the desired impact and the overall tone of the story.
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Is the explanation incompetent?
Without more context or specific information, it is difficult to determine if the explanation is incompetent. It would be helpful to know what the explanation is for and what criteria are being used to assess its competence. Additionally, understanding the background and expertise of the person providing the explanation would also be important in making an assessment. Without these details, it is challenging to determine the competence of the explanation.
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